Maternity in prison: influence on physical and emotional health / Maternidade no cárcere: influência na saúde física e emocional

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the repercussions of motherhood on patients deprived of their liberty. Methods: integrative review based on research in electronic databases: Medline (PubMed), LILACS, SciELO and Nursing Database (BDENF), using the following search strategy: ("Prisons" [Majr] AND "Pregnancy" [ Mesh]), as of 2016. Results: the research ended with 33 bibliographic references, being the highest level of evidence from cohort studies, which demonstrate the precariousness of health care offered to these pregnant women. Three main groups of results were identified: low quality prenatal care, negative maternal and neonatal health indicators in relation to the general population and the emotional issues involved in prison reality during the period of pregnancy and puerperium. Conclusions: prenatal care has flaws that influence, in some way, the maternal and neonatal health indicators. In addition, the precarious structure of prison system directly interferes with the emotional health of these women.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar as repercussões da maternidade em pacientes privadas da liberdade. Métodos: revisão integrativa a partir de pesquisa nas bases de dados eletrônicas: Medline (PubMed), LILACS, SciELO e Base de Dados de Enfermagem (BDENF), sendo usada como estratégia de busca: ("Prisons"[Majr] AND "Pregnancy"[Mesh]), a partir de 2016. Resultados: a pesquisa finalizou com 33 referências bibliográficas, sendo o maior nível de evidência de estudos de coorte, que demonstram a precarização na assistência de saúde ofertada a essas gestantes. Foram identificados três grupos principais de resultados: pré-natal de baixa qualidade, indicadores de saúde maternos e neonatais negativos e as questões emocionais envolvidas na realidade carcerária durante o período de gestação e puerpério. Conclusões: a assistência pré-natal apresenta falhas que influenciam nos indicadores de saúde maternos e neonatais. Além disso, a estrutura precária do sistema prisional interfere diretamente na saúde emocional dessas mulheres

The Effect of Neuromodulatory Drugs on the Intensity of Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women: A Systematic Review / Efeito de neuromoduladores na intensidade da dor pélvica crônica em mulheres: Revisão sistemática

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of neuromodulatory drugs on the intensity of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) in women. Data sources: Searches were carried out in the PubMed, Cochrane Central, Embase, Lilacs, OpenGrey, and Clinical Trials databases. Selection of studies: The searches were carried out by two of the authors, not delimiting publication date or original language. The following descriptors were used: chronic pelvic pain in women OR endometriosis, associated with MESH/ENTREE/DeCS: gabapentinoids, gabapentin, amitriptyline, antidepressant, pregabalin, anticonvulsant, sertraline, duloxetine, nortriptyline, citalopram, imipramine, venlafaxine, neuromodulation drugs, acyclic pelvic pain, serotonin, noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants, with the Boolean operator OR. Case reports and systematic reviews were excluded. Data collection: The following data were extracted: author, year of publication, setting, type of study, sample size, intervention details, follow-up time, and results. Data synthesis: A total of 218 articles were found, with 79 being excluded because they were repeated, leaving 139 articles for analysis: 90 were excluded in the analysis of the titles, 37 after reading the abstract, and 4 after reading the articles in full, and 1 could not be found, therefore, leaving 7 articles that were included in the review. Conclusion: Most of the studies analyzed have shown pain improvement with the help of neuromodulators for chronic pain. However, no improvement was found in the study with the highest statistical power. There is still not enough evidence that neuromodulatory drugs reduce the intensity of pain in women with CPP.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de drogas neuromoduladoras na intensidade da dor pélvica crônica em mulheres. Fontes de dados: As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane Central, Embase, Lilacs, OpenGrey e Clinical Trials. Seleção dos estudos: As buscas foram realizadas por dois dos autores, não delimitando data de publicação ou idioma de publicação. Foram usados os seguintes descritores: chronic pelvic pain in women OR endometriosis, associated with MESH/ENTREE/DeCS: gabapentinoids, gabapentin, amitriptyline, antidepressant, pregabalin, anticonvulsant, sertraline, duloxetine, nortriptyline, citalopram, imipramine, venlafaxine, neuromodulation drugs, acyclic pelvic pain, serotonin, noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors e tricyclic antidepressants, com o operador booleano OR. Relatos de caso e revisões sistemáticas foram excluídos. Coleta de dados: Foram extraídos os seguintes dados: autor, ano de publicação, local de origem, tipo de estudo, tamanho da amostra, detalhes da intervenção, tempo de seguimento e resultados. Síntese dos dados: Foram encontrados 218 artigos, sendo 79 deles excluídos por serem repetidos, restando 139 artigos para análise, dos quais 90 foram excluídos na análise dos títulos, 37 após a leitura do resumo e 4 após a leitura dos artigos na íntegra, e 1 não foi encontrado, restando, então, 7 artigos que foram incluídos na revisão. Conclusão: A maioria dos estudos analisados mostrou melhora da dor crônica com auxílio de neuromoduladores. No entanto, nenhuma melhora foi encontrada no artigo com maior poder estatístico. Ainda não há evidências suficientes de que drogas neuromoduladoras reduzam a intensidade da dor pélvica crônica em mulheres.

The Effect of Neuromodulatory Drugs on the Intensity of Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of neuromodulatory drugs on the intensity of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) in women. DATA SOURCES: Searches were carried out in the PubMed, Cochrane Central, Embase, Lilacs, OpenGrey, and Clinical Trials databases. SELECTION OF STUDIES: The searches were carried out by two of the authors, not delimiting publication date or original language. The following descriptors were used: chronic pelvic pain in women OR endometriosis, associated with MESH/ENTREE/DeCS: gabapentinoids, gabapentin, amitriptyline, antidepressant, pregabalin, anticonvulsant, sertraline, duloxetine, nortriptyline, citalopram, imipramine, venlafaxine, neuromodulation drugs, acyclic pelvic pain, serotonin, noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants, with the Boolean operator OR. Case reports and systematic reviews were excluded. DATA COLLECTION: The following data were extracted: author, year of publication, setting, type of study, sample size, intervention details, follow-up time, and results. DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 218 articles were found, with 79 being excluded because they were repeated, leaving 139 articles for analysis: 90 were excluded in the analysis of the titles, 37 after reading the abstract, and 4 after reading the articles in full, and 1 could not be found, therefore, leaving 7 articles that were included in the review. CONCLUSION: Most of the studies analyzed have shown pain improvement with the help of neuromodulators for chronic pain. However, no improvement was found in the study with the highest statistical power. There is still not enough evidence that neuromodulatory drugs reduce the intensity of pain in women with CPP.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito de drogas neuromoduladoras na intensidade da dor pélvica crônica em mulheres. FONTES DE DADOS: As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane Central, Embase, Lilacs, OpenGrey e Clinical Trials. SELEçãO DOS ESTUDOS:: As buscas foram realizadas por dois dos autores, não delimitando data de publicação ou idioma de publicação. Foram usados os seguintes descritores: chronic pelvic pain in women OR endometriosis, associated with MESH/ENTREE/DeCS: gabapentinoids, gabapentin, amitriptyline, antidepressant, pregabalin, anticonvulsant, sertraline, duloxetine , nortriptyline, citalopram, imipramine, venlafaxine, neuromodulation drugs, acyclic pelvic pain, serotonin, noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors e tricyclic antidepressants, com o operador booleano OR. Relatos de caso e revisões sistemáticas foram excluídos. COLETA DE DADOS: Foram extraídos os seguintes dados: autor, ano de publicação, local de origem, tipo de estudo, tamanho da amostra, detalhes da intervenção, tempo de seguimento e resultados. SíNTESE DOS DADOS:: Foram encontrados 218 artigos, sendo 79 deles excluídos por serem repetidos, restando 139 artigos para análise, dos quais 90 foram excluídos na análise dos títulos, 37 após a leitura do resumo e 4 após a leitura dos artigos na íntegra, e 1 não foi encontrado, restando, então, 7 artigos que foram incluídos na revisão. CONCLUSãO:: A maioria dos estudos analisados mostrou melhora da dor crônica com auxílio de neuromoduladores. No entanto, nenhuma melhora foi encontrada no artigo com maior poder estatístico. Ainda não há evidências suficientes de que drogas neuromoduladoras reduzam a intensidade da dor pélvica crônica em mulheres.

Differences in HPV infection and HPV-related lesions between the cervix and anus in hiv-positive women / Diferenças na infecção por HPV e lesões HPV-relacionadas entre colo uterino e ânus em mulheres hiv positivas

Introduction: the prevalence of cervical and anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is high. However, little is known about the differences in the susceptibility of these infections and related lesions. The aim of this study was to describe the association between the prevalence of cervical and anal HPV infection and HPV-related lesions in HIV-positive women. Methods: this study included 88 HIV-positive women attending an outpatient clinic in a university hospital. Ectocervical, endocervical, and anal samples were collected for colpocytology and anal cytology. A polymerase chain reaction-based technique was used to detect HPV deoxyribonucleic acid in endocervical and anal swab samples. Results: the cervical and anal HPV positivity rates were 35.21% and 78.8%, respectively. The presence of HPV-related lesions on colpocytology was associated with anal HPV positivity (P = 0.027). The ratio between cervical HPV infection and cervical HPV-related lesions was 2.5. The ratio between anal HPV infection and anal HPV-related lesions was 4.3. Overall, 30% had concomitant HPV DNA in the cervix and anus. Conclusion: there are differences in the susceptibility of infections and related lesions between the cervix and anus. Despite a higher incidence of anal HPV, the progression to HPV-related lesion does not occur via the same manner in the cervix and anus. Moreover, cervical HPV-related lesions in HIV-positive women may serve as a cue for anal preventive strategies, and further investigations in these women may be useful.

Introdução: as infecções cervicais e anais pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV) em mulheres infectadas com o vírus da imunodeficiência umana (HIV) são muito prevalentes. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre as diferenças na suscetibilidade entre essas infecções e as lesões HPV-relacionadas. Objetivo: descrever a associação entre as prevalências de infecção cervical e anal pelo HPV e lesões relacionadas em mulheres HIV-positivas. Metodologia: este estudo incluiu 88 mulheres HIV-positivas atendidas em ambulatório de hospital universitário. Amostras ectocervicais, endocervicais e anais foram coletadas para colpocitologia e citologia anal. Uma técnica baseada na reação em cadeia da polimerase foi usada para detectar o ácido desoxirribonucléico (DNA) do HPV em amostras de swabs endocervical e anal. Resultado: as taxas de positividade do HPV cervical e anal foram de 35,21% e 78,8%, respectivamente. As lesões relacionadas ao HPV na colpocitologia foram associadas à positividade anal para o HPV (P = 0,027). A proporção entre infecção cervical por HPV e lesões cervicais relacionadas foi de 2,5. A proporção entre a infecção anal por HPV e as lesões anais relacionadas foi de 4,3. 30% tinham DNA-HPV concomitante no colo do útero e ânus. Conclusão: existem diferenças na suscetibilidade de infecções e de lesões relacionadas entre o colo e o ânus. Apesar de maior incidência de HPV anal, a progressão para lesões relacionadas não ocorre da mesma forma no colo e no ânus. Além disso, lesões cervicais relacionadas ao HPV em mulheres HIV positivas podem servir como pista para estratégias preventivas anais. Investigações adicionais podem ser úteis.

Medical confidentiality in underage consent sex in Brazil.

This paper is a theoretical discussion that explores medical confidentiality within the context of Brazilian law about underage consent sex. Brazilian law determines that the age of consent for sexual intercourse is 14 years. Before this limit, physicians should report the sexual activity of adolescents, breaking the confidentiality of the consultation. The medical code of ethics prohibits the breach of professional confidentiality of a minor patient, including their parents or legal representatives, unless a lack of disclosure may cause harm to the patient. The legal issue seems to go beyond the ethical issue; however, the breach of confidentiality can cause more risks than benefits by removing these adolescents from health services. The law aims to protect the sexual dignity of teenagers under 14 years old, but the particularities of each case must be considered, and flexibility concerning medical confidentiality should be included.

Association of Sexually Transmitted Diseases With Cervical Ectopy: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review the available literature to explore evidence indicating an association between cervical ectopy and sexually transmitted diseases, which could help in the decision to treat or not to treat this condition. METHODS: A review of the literature was conducted using the PubMed, EMBASE and clinicaltrials.gov databases on ectopy of the cervix using the terms "ectopy OR ectropium AND cervix" filtered only by language, without limit of date. A total of 71 studies were found in the initial selection, of which 56 were deleted by title, abstract, or full text. The remaining 15 articles were analyzed in this study. RESULTS: Cervical ectopy showed a positive association with human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, bacterial vaginosis, cervical epithelial atypia, postcoital bleeding, and desquamative inflammatory vaginitis. High-quality studies reported no association between ectopy and chlamydia infection. It was also not associated with gonococcal infection and herpes simplex. CONCLUSIONS: Cervical ectopy shows a probable association with increased acquisition of some sexually transmitted diseases. Additional studies are required to confirm the possible beneficial effects of treatment and to evaluate the possible complications of these treatments.

How to Use CA-125 More Effectively in the Diagnosis of Deep Endometriosis.

Deep infiltrative endometriosis (DIE) is a severe form of the disease. The median time interval from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis of endometriosis is around 8 years. In this prospective study patients were divided into two groups: cases (34 DIE patients) and control (20 tubal ligation patients). The main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of CA-125 measurement in the menstrual and midcycle phases of the cycle, as well as the difference in its levels between the two phases, for the early diagnosis of DIE. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of CA-125 in menstrual phase and of the difference between menstrual and midcycle phases had the best performance (both with AUC = 0.96), followed by CA-125 in the midcycle (AUC = 0.89). The ratio between menstrual and midcycle phases had the worst performance. CA-125 may be useful for the diagnosis of deep endometriosis, especially when both are collected during menstruation and in midcycle. These may help to decrease the long interval until the definitive diagnosis of DIE. Multicentric studies with larger samples should be performed to better evaluate the cost-effectiveness of measuring CA-125 in two different phases of the menstrual cycle.

Histological outcomes in conventional cervical cytology for invasive carcinoma: not always cancer.

The value of cytology for the detection of invasive cancer remains unknown. We performed a retrospective cohort study with 884 patients diagnosed of premalignant lesions and invasive carcinoma in cytology. 382 (43.2%) of them had cytological results of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 244 (27.6%) showed low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 120 (13.6%) patients had atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), 67 (7.6%) patients with atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H), 38 (4.3%) had invasive carcinoma and 33 (3.7%) patients presented with atypical glandular cells (ACG). From 38 patients with cytological results of invasive carcinoma, 24 had confirmatory histological results (63.2%). The other 14 had 4 benign lesions and 10 HSIL. The predictive positive value (PPV) was 63.2%. Cytology results of carcinoma do not confer a definitive diagnosis of invasive lesion, but it is strongly an indication of, at least, a precancerous lesion.

Portal Hypertension Caused by Immature Teratoma in an Adolescent Female.

BACKGROUND: Tumor compression is a cause of portal hypertension. In adolescents, most tumors are germ cell tumors. CASE: We report the case of a 17-year-old female patient with progressive abdominal distention. Portal hypertension with ascites and esophageal varices were identified. A computed tomography scan showed a large ovarian mass that was consistent with a teratoma. After laparotomy, the portal hypertension was resolved. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: Venous compression by an immature teratoma should be considered a cause of portal hypertension in adolescents.

Ooforectomia e risco de diabetes / Oophorectomy and risk of diabetes

OBJETIVOS: O diabetes mellitus está entre as principais causas de morte em mulheres na pós-menopausa. A ooforectomia bilateral, muitas vezes oferecida concomitantemente à histerectomia, promove, além da interrupcão abrupta da producão dos estrogênios, a reducão dos androgênios que continuariam a ser produzidos pelo ovário na menopausa natural. Tais alteracões hormonais podem ter repercussões próprias e tornar a paciente ooforectomizadamais suscetível a numerosas doencas crônicas, dentre elas o diabete. O objetivo desse estudo é revisar a literatura disponível sobre risco de diabete atribuível à ooforectomia. MÉTODOS: Foi feita uma revisão da literatura com pesquisa em banco de dados do PubMed sobre o risco de diabetes mellitus em relacão à ooforectomia, à menopausa natural e à orquiectomia. RESULTADO: O diabete é fortemente associado à ooforectomia na maioria dos estudos. Em relaço à menopausa natural, a maioria também mostrou aumento de risco condicional o uin dependente. Os androgênios parecem oferecer um papel protetor na resistência à insulina. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de mais estudos serem necessários para conclusões definitivas relativas à associacão entre ooforectomia e o risco de diabete, as evidências atuais apontam para um aumento de risco de diabete em mulheres ooforectomizadas.

OBJECTIVES: Diabetes mellitus is among the main causes of death in postmenopausal women.Bilateral oophorectomy, commonly offered together with hysterectomy, promotes, in additionto the abrupt interruption of estrogen production, the reduction of the androgens thatwould continue to be produced by the ovary in natural menopause. Such hormonal changescan have their own repercussions, making the oophorectomized patient more susceptible to numerous chronic diseases, among them diabetes. The objective of this study is to reviewthe available literature about the risk of diabetes attributable to oophorectomy. METHODS: A literature review was performed, searching in the Pubmed data bank about therisk of diabetes mellitus related to oophorectomy, natural menopause and orchiectomy. RESULT: Diabetes is strongly associated with oophorectomy in most studies. Related to naturalmenopause, the majority showed an increase in conditional or independent risk. Androgensappear to offer a protective role in insulin resistance. CONCLUSION: In spite of the need for more studies to reach definitive conclusions related tothe association between oophorectomy and risk of diabetes, current evidence points to anincreased risk of diabetes in oophorectomized women.

Adenomiose / Adenomyosis

A adenomiose frequentemente teve papel pouco valorizado na etiologia de várias doenças ginecológicas, provavelmente devido a grande dificuldade diagnóstica. Ao longo dos anos, seu diagnóstico ocorria por suspeição ou por achado em peças cirúrgicas de histerectomias. Exames de imagem começaram a ajudar no diagnóstico precoce desta patologia, como ultrassonografia transvaginal, histerossonografia, elastossonografia e, principalmente, ressonância magnética, através da determinação da espessura da zona juncional. Outros exames, como tomografia computadorizada, biópsia miometrial e dosagem de CA-125, não demonstram a mesma acurácia. O tratamento, que até recentemente se restringia à histerectomia, começa a apresentar novas opções como os agonistas e antagonistas do GnRH, os contraceptivos contínuos, danazol, dispositivos intrauterinos medicados, inibidores de aromatase, além de procedimentos mais conservadores como a embolização da artéria uterina, a adenomiomectomia e a ressecção parcial de adenomiose combinada à oclusão da artéria uterina por via laparoscópica.

Family planning in Brazil: why not tubal sterilisation during childbirth?

Sterilisation is the most desired method of contraception worldwide. In 1996, the Brazilian Congress approved a family planning law that legitimised female and male sterilisation, but forbade sterilisation during childbirth. As a result of this law, procedures currently occur in a clandestine nature upon payment. Despite the law, sterilisations continue to be performed during caesarean sections. The permanence of the method is an important consideration; therefore, information about other methods must be made available. Tubal sterilisation must not be the only choice. We argue that review of this restriction will not contribute to the increase in caesarean sections but will allow for greater sterilisation choice for men and women.

Composição da matriz extracelular do ligamento cardinal de mulheres na pós-menopausa com e sem prolapso uterino / Composition of extracellular matrix of the cardinal ligament in postmenopausal women with and without uterine prolapse

O prolapso uterino tem sua incidência aumentada na pós-menopausa. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar as alterações na matriz extracelular do ligamento cardinal associadas à menopausa e ao prolapso uterino. Ligamento cardinal de três diferentes grupos de mulheres, pré-menopausa, prolapso uterino e pós-menopausa, foram identificados e biopsiados durante 57 histerectomias abdominais ou vaginais. As amostras foram processadas por métodos bioquímicos para caracterização e quantificação de glicosaminoglicanos sulfatados e colágeno. As concentrações relativas de glicosaminoglicanos foram obtidas por eletroforese. Procedimentos histológicos foram feitos para identificar fibras elásticas (Weigert), distribuição de colágeno (Picro Sirius) e decorin (imunohistoquímica). Nossos resultados mostraram aumento na concentração de GAG de 72,2%, redução na concentração de colágeno de 37% e diminuição de 22% de fibras elásticas no grupo de prolapso uterino quando comparado ao grupo da pós-menopausa (p<0,05, p<0,04 e p<0,05 respectivamente). As concentrações relativas de glicosaminoglicanos sulfatados para condroitin sulfato, heparan sulfato e dermatan sulfato não mostraram diferenças entre os três grupos. A organização do colágeno foi similar entre os três grupos e a marcação do decorin pareceu estar diminuída no grupo de prolapso uterino. Nossos resultados indicam alterações no metabolismo do tecido conjuntivo. O ligamento cardinal da mulher na pós-menopausa possui uma matriz extracelular mais densa. Esta alteração não ocorre na mulher com prolapso uterino.

Uterine prolapse has increase of incidence after menopause. The aim of this study was to identify the changes in extracellular matrix of cardinal ligaments associated to menopause and uterine prolapse. Cardinal ligament of 3 different groups (pre-menopause, menopause and uterine prolapse) are identified and biopsied during 57 women's abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy. Biopsy specimens were assessed by biochemical methods to characterize and quantify sulfated glycosaminoglycans and collagen. Relative concentrations of GAG were obtained by electrophoresis. Histological procedures are made to identify elastic fibers (Weigert) collagen distribution (Picro sirius) and decorin (immunohistochemistry). Our results showed increase in GAG concentration 72.2% in uterine prolapse group compared to menopause group (p<0.05). Collagen concentration was 37% lower in uterine prolapse group compared to menopause group (p<0.04). Relative concentration of GAG: heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate showed no differences among three groups. Elastic fibers showed a significant reduction of aproximately 22% uterine prolapse group compared to menopause group (p<0.05). Collagen organization was similar in three groups and the staining pattern of decorin seemed to be decreased in uterine prolapse group. Our results indicate changes in connective tissue metabolism. Cardinal ligament in postmenopausal women has a denser extracellular matrix. This change is not observed in women with uterine prolapse.

A liberdade de escolha de métodos contraceptivos definitivos pelas mulheres / The freedom of choice about permanent contraceptives methods, from the point of view women's

Esta dissertação busca compreender o processo de escolha de métodos contraceptivos definitivos do ponto de vista das mulheres no município do Rio de Janeiro. Optou-se pelo estudo das práticas por meio de análise de entrevistas e observação de encontros de planejamento familiar em uma unidade de saúde do rio de Janeiro. A análise de lei 9263, que tornou a esterelização cirúrgica um direito, evidenciou uma intenção que não encontra espaço nas práticas de saúde deste município. Como conclusão, o planejamento familiar neste município evidenciou dois problemas centrais: falta de acesso nos períodos iniciais de atividade sexual e falta de opção da laqueadura tubária fora da gravidez, tendo na gravidez acesso limitado pelas próprias restrições da lei neste período da vida da mulher. O não oferecimento da laqueadura tubária favorece práticas clandestinas e mostra ser a grande transgressão do planejamento familiar, impedindo-o de ser um importante instrumento de cidadania